The clinical effects of school sandplay group therapy on general children with a focus on Korea Child & Youth Personality Test
Hyeon Jeong Kwak1, Un Kyoung Ahn1 and Myung Ho Lim1,2*
Abstract
Background: This study intended to examine the comprehensive clinical effects of school sandplay group counseling on the emotions and behaviors of children for the first time in Korea.
Methods: To this objective, 10 sessions of in-school sandplay group counseling were administered to 113 fourth to sixth-graders in an elementary school located in Cheonan city for 12 weeks from March to July 2015. Each small group consisted of 10 to 16 children and the entire 12 sessions were composed of a baseline test, 10 therapy sessions, and a post-test and evaluation session. The study subjects consisted of 56 boys (49.6%) and 57 girls
(50.4%). As the evaluation instruments, an epidemiologic questionnaire and the Korea Child & Youth Personality Test were used during the baseline phase and after the termination of the counseling.
Results: The comparison of the scores according to the KCYP clinical scales and detailed evaluation scales before and after the 12-week counseling showed an increase in the self-esteem and a significant decline in depression in the elementary students after the counseling.
Conclusion: It is deemed that school sandplay group counseling can help elementary school students to solve emotional problems and improve their self-esteem.
Keywords: School Sandplay group counseling, General children, The Korea Child & Youth Personality Test
Introduction
In the 1980s, while studying Lowenfeld’s Sandplay World Technique, Domenico developed a unique idea based on its communication function [1]. This was a different approach from Kalff’s individual sandplay therapy.
Boik and Goodwin [2]. found that sandplay counseling for diverse clients can promote healing and growth as it does for individuals. Since then, clinicians have developed sandplay group counseling, widening the range of clients to adults and families [3]. Wang [4] noted that group counseling is more suitable than individual counseling for adolescents with problem behaviors and children in the stage of psychosocial development.
Children participating in group counseling interact with their peers honestly and experience emotional intimacy with others. Also, group counseling using sandplay is valuable as a school counseling tool. Sandplay, when used in school settings, is effective in releasing the blocked flow of energy inside children and activating their potential self-healing ability [5]. Dale [6] reported that sandplay therapy in school settings can be helpful to school violence victims as well as children who have difficulty participating in learning due to depression and suicidal ideation, severe conduct problems, and behavioral problems. Campbell [5] insisted that sandplay therapy in school improves interpersonal relationships and concentration of the children who have difficulty in communication. Sandplay therapy has also been reported to improve concentration and total kinesthetic involvement and alleviate problem behaviors in children with inattention. School group counseling is an important therapeutic intervention for emotional problems and
behavioral behavior of school-age children.
This is because a school is the largest organization that can provide mental health services to children and adolescents and approach them in a flexible and effective way [7]. Sandplay therapy does not require a high number of sessions and has therapeutic effects even within a short period of time [5]. Therefore, school sandplay group counseling can meet the needs of school counselors who need to take care of many children in a short period of time [8]. Campbell and her colleagues found that most children who participated in eight to ten sessions of sandplay counseling in school enter a problem solving stage within the period [5]. School teachers also reported significant changes in the children’s emotional state and their ability to participate in school life after the eighth session [5, 9].
This study uses the term “school sandplay group counseling,” which implies the condition that can be briefly expressed as “in school, with teacher, as a class.” “In school” refers to sandplay counseling conducted either at school or at a counseling agency entrusted by the local office of education. “With teacher” refers to an organic partnership with teachers or school counselors. Lastly, “as a class” suggests that the counseling be conducted for at least eight sessions as part of the school curriculum [10, 11].
In Korea, most studies on sandplay therapy have focused on individual cases, and those on group counseling have primarily presented cases of small groups of less than 20 clients that were mainly performed outside the school [10]. This study is Korea’s first research on sandplay therapy conducted in groups in school settings. The purpose of this study is to investigate the comprehensive clinical effects of school sandplay group counseling for a large number of students with respect to their emotions and behaviors.
Methods
Participants
Of the 303 children who had initially participated in school sandplay group counseling, 19 children were excluded. Fifteen children were excluded as they did not take the baseline and post-tests. Also excluded were four children who failed to acquire a significant level of a Tscore (a score of 65) in response to the validity scales (response reliability, unusual reaction, exaggeration, and defensiveness) of the baseline and post KCYP tests. As a
result, a total of 284 children were selected as the final study subjects, which consisted of 141 boys (49.6%) and 143 girls (50.4%). The average age of the study subjects was 10.94 ± 0.45 years and the children were in the fourth to sixth grades in elementary school (Table 1).
Procedure
This study was conducted for three semesters from March 2015 to July 2016 and for one semester from March to July 2019. The school sandplay group counseling was conducted in class, for 40 min per session. A total of 12 sessions consisted of a baseline test, 10 therapy sessions, a post-test, etc. The entire class, divided into small groups of three to six, participated in the group counseling. The counseling was provided by a lead counselor who plans and oversees all of the counseling activities and three to six assistant counselors, who comprised certified sandplay therapy specialists or
higher-level specialists.
The session process and program of the school sandplay group counseling were modified and supplemented to suit the characteristics of the school environment, based on the communication sand tray of Boik and Goodwin [2]. The session process and program were also reconstructed with
the application of Kalff’s stages of ego development [12].
Based on Kalff’s Sandplay therapy, students were provided with individual sand tray 72 cm wide by 57 cm high and 7 cm deep. Principally, the children were required to maintain silence while creating their sand trays for better concentration. Children had a time to introduce their Sand Work to each other and to sympathize in silence and listened to and support their friend’s story telling of Sand Work. Also, Counselors recorded the interactions
of communication and empathy, and observed the group dynamics and make therapeutic interventions. After the group counseling session, the figurines and miniatures in the trays were removed by the counselors, rather than by the children themselves, as part of an effort to provide the subjects a safe and sheltered space [21]. The session process, program and directives of the in-school sandplay group counseling are shown in [Table 2 and Table 3].
Measure
The Korea Child & Youth Personality Test (KCYP) is a test that is developed to examine the personality traits of the age group of third-graders in elementary school to second-year students in high school. The test consists of
237 questions and includes the US Personality Inventory for Children, as well as a test on game and Internet addiction tendencies [13]. The self-report questionnaire for children comprises questions that can be answered with either “True” or “False,” while the questionnaire for parents is composed of questions with four-point scale response options (True/ Some true/ Some false/ False). Validity scales consist of response reliability, unusual reaction,
exaggeration, and defensiveness. The clinical scales include ego strength, psychotic symptoms (reality distortion, hallucination), somatization (psychogenic disorder, tension/anxiety, hypochondria), emotional discomfort (phobia, depression, sleep problems), social withdrawal (introversion, isolation), ADHD (inattention, hyperactivity), delinquency (oppositionality, conduct problem), social relationships (isolation from peers, conflict with peers), family relationships (conflict with parents, conflict among family members), learning disability, indulgence in media, etc. The test-retest reliability of this test in terms of the response tendency is .65–.85, and the test-retest reliability in the personality trait area is .74–.89 [21]. The internal consistency (Cronbach ‘s α) of the test in this study was .86.
Data analysis
To compare the changes of general child group between before and after the sandplay therapy, paired t test was performed. And chi square test was performed for sex, and t- test was performed for age.
Ethics statement
Ethical statement: All of the subjects were provided with a comprehensive explanation of the study and its objectives, and oral and written consents were obtained from each of the subjects and their parents. They were also informed that they can withdraw from the study at any time during the research period according to their own will. The patient provided written informed consent.
This study was approved by the Dankook Hospital Ethics Committee (2019–05-003).
Results
In a paired t-test, statistically significant differences in emotional and behavioral factors were observed after the completion of sandplay counseling compared to the baseline. The school sandplay group counseling conducted in this study had a positive effect on the subjects’ emotional problems such as reality distortion, hallucination, tension / anxiety, hypochondria, phobia, sleep problems, introversion, etc. among the participating children
(Table 4).
Also, the counseling resulted in the alleviation of their cognitive and behavioral problems including inattention and delinquency (oppositionality, conduct problem), conflict with their parents as well as an increase in ego strength (Table 4).
Discussion
Christine [10, 11] reported that children who had experienced trauma after the September 11 attacks showed the alleviation of negative feelings and emotions or the
decrease in their intensity. Wang [4] presented a case of sandplay group counseling for children with conduct problems. In this case, significant differences in internalization problems such as somatization, introversion, and depression were observed before and after the counseling.
Studies carried out in Korea have also reported among subjects reduced internalizing internalizing problems such as introversion, somatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety after administering sandplay group counseling [12]. In the study by You [13], children’s anxiety was reduced and self-resilience was improved after sandplay group counseling. The study by Kim [14] also reported the clinical effect of sandplay group counseling on children’s
self-resilience. Park [15] noted that sandplay group counseling has a positive effect on the relief of anxiety and ego strength in children. In the study by
Mun [15], the children who participated in sandplay group counseling experienced a decreased level of depression and increased self-esteem. In this study, however, there was no significant difference in depression, which is an emotional disorder of children, before and after the counseling.
Given that children tend to express their feelings of depression, anxiety, and fear through somatic symptoms (e.g. stomachache and headache), from the positive effect of the counseling on tension/anxiety, hypochondria, and phobia in the study subjects, it was presumed that sandplay group counseling is effective in alleviating emotional problems similar to depression. This is consistent with the findings of the precedent studies [12, 16] that
reported a decreased level of depression in children who participated in sandplay group counseling. In addition, Ahn [14] reported that sandplay group counseling for 20 high school students with difficulty adapting to school life had a positive clinical effect on the adolescents who had complained of depression accompanied by somatic symptoms. The study results suggest that sandplay group counseling is clinically effective in lowering the level of depression not only in children but also in adolescents.
Sandplay counseling positively affects the mitigation of problem behaviors in children [17]. Wang [4] reported that sandplay group counseling for children with conduct problems led to significant differences in externalizing problems such as noncompliance to parental expectations, violation of rules, and aggression. Among Korean researchers, Lee [12] found that sandplay group counseling for children decreased their delinquency and
aggression and improved their peer relationships. In the study by Byeon [18], sandplay counseling alleviated problem behaviors in children with inattention. While the study by Park [19] reported that group sandplay counseling on school violence victims had a positive effect on school adjustment. In the study by Han [20], sandplay counseling for children with externalizing behavioral problems resulted in decrease in their aggression
and negative peer interactions. On the other hand, this study observed statistically significant differences in reality distortion, hallucinations, sleep problems, healthy family relationships, and conflict with parents, which affects children’s problem-solving ability, before and after the counseling.
This consists with the findings of Jeong’s study [24]15, suggesting that a healthy family relationship, which is closely related to children’s conflict with their parents, affects their ability to adapt to school life and solve problems. From this finding, it is considered that sandplay counseling also positively affected reality distortion. It is, therefore, deemed that the school sandplay group counseling had a significant effect on the school life adjustment
and problem-solving ability of the children who participated in the study.
This study intended to investigate the comprehensive clinical effects on the emotions and behaviors of children who received school sandplay group counseling, a subject that has been studied for the first time in Korea. The results of this study established the clinical effects of in-school sandplay group counseling on children’s emotions with statistically significant differences in the KCYP Test after the counseling, compared to the baseline.
The clinical effects on children’s emotional and behavioral / social symptoms such as ego strength, reality distortion, hallucination, tension/anxiety, hypochondria, phobia, sleep problems, introversion, inattention, oppositionality, conduct problems, parent conflict, etc. were measured. Such study results consist with the findings of the various precedent studies [4, 6, 11–16, 18–20] that reported the clinical effects of sandplay counseling on
emotional symptoms or behavioral/social symptoms. Nevertheless, there are some limitations to this study. First, as the KYCP Test is a self-report test, it has limitations in the identification of individuals’ pathological traits.
Second, as this study was conducted on the students living in a specific region, its results cannot be generalized and considered to reflect the characteristics of all students of the same age group. Third, this study only compared the pre- and post-conditions of the group that participated in the in-school sandplay group counseling. While the counseling in this study was structured as a group counseling program involving the entire class,
there is a need for follow-up studies that compare a subject group of children with emotional and behavioral problems with another general control group, in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages of school sandplay group counseling. Precedent Korean studies that have been published to date have presented cases of sandplay counseling for individuals or small groups of 3 to 16 [9]. However, there was some variation among the studies. For example, in some studies where group counseling was conducted, a model combining individual and group counseling was used [10, 13, 14].
In consideration of this account, the significance of this study lies in that it is Korea’s first study to conduct school sandplay group counseling for a large number of children (n = 284) and that it verified the comprehensive clinical effects of sandplay group counseling through this project. Based on the results of this study, it is expected that sandplay group counseling will serve as a useful means of intervention in school settings.
Conclusion
This study administered in-school sandplay group counseling to fourth- to sixth-graders in elementary school for 12 weeks. As a result, it was verified that the counseling led to statistically significant differences in the emotional scales including reality distortion, hallucination, tension/anxiety, hypochondria, phobia, sleep problems, introversion, etc., and in the behavioral scales including inattention, conduct problem, etc., compared to the
baseline value. A significant increase in ego strength and a decrease in conflict with parents was also observed. Based on the results of this study, it is assumed that school sandplay group counseling has clinical effects on the emotions and behaviors of the participating children.
Abbreviations
KCYP: Korea Child & Youth Personality Test
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Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Authors’ contributions
HJK analyzed and interpreted this data, writes first manuscript. UKA performed the statistics for analysis and interpreted this data. MHL integrated the analyzed data, writes and revised this manuscript. All authors read and approve the final version of this manuscript.
Funding
This study was conducted by the research fund of Dankook University in 2018.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The research was approved by the Dankook Hospital Ethics Committee (2019–05-003). All participants were informed that participation was voluntary and provided written, informed consent. No competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Received: 20 September 2019 Accepted: 19 January 2020
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* Correspondence: paperose@dku.edu
1Department of Psychology, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
2Department of Psychology & Psychotherapy, College of Health Science; Environmental Health Center, Dankook Medical Hospital, Dankook University,
119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
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